What Does Mitochondria Do In An Animal Cell
Definition
Mitochondria (atypical: mitochondrion) are organelles within eukaryotic cells that produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the principal free energy molecule used by the jail cell. For this reason, the mitochondrion is sometimes referred to as "the powerhouse of the cell". Mitochondria are constitute in all eukaryotes, which are all living things that are not bacteria or archaea. It is thought that mitochondria arose from once free-living bacteria that were incorporated into cells.
Function of Mitochondria
Mitochondria produce ATP through process of cellular respiration—specifically, aerobic respiration, which requires oxygen. The citric acid cycle, or Krebs cycle, takes place in the mitochondria. This cycle involves the oxidation of pyruvate, which comes from glucose, to form the molecule acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA is in turn oxidized and ATP is produced.
The citric acid bike reduces nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) to NADH. NADH is then used in the process of oxidative phosphorylation, which also takes identify in the mitochondria. Electrons from NADH travel through protein complexes that are embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondria. This set of proteins is called an electron transport chain. Energy from the electron transport chain is then used to transport proteins dorsum across the membrane, which power ATP synthase to grade ATP.
The amount of mitochondria in a cell depends on how much free energy that cell needs to produce. Musculus cells, for example, accept many mitochondria because they need to produce free energy to move the body. Red blood cells, which carry oxygen to other cells, accept none; they do not need to produce energy. Mitochondria are analogous to a furnace or a powerhouse in the prison cell considering, like furnaces and powerhouses, mitochondria produce free energy from basic components (in this example, molecules that have been broken downwardly so that they can be used).
Mitochondria have many other functions as well. They tin can shop calcium, which maintains homeostasis of calcium levels in the cell. They also regulate the prison cell's metabolism and have roles in apoptosis (controlled cell death), cell signaling, and thermogenesis (rut production).
Structure of Mitochondria
Mitochondria take two membranes, an outer membrane and an inner membrane. These membranes are fabricated of phospholipid layers, but similar the cell's outer membrane. The outer membrane covers the surface of the mitochondrion, while the inner membrane is located within and has many folds called cristae. The folds increment surface expanse of the membrane, which is important because the inner membrane holds the proteins involved in the electron transport chain. It is likewise where many other chemical reactions take place to carry out the mitochondria's many functions. An increased surface area creates more space for more reactions to occur, and increases the mitochondria's output. The space between the outer and inner membranes is chosen the intermembrane space, and the infinite inside the inner membrane is called the matrix.
This diagram shows the structure of a mitochondrion.
Evolution of Mitochondria
Mitochondria are thought to have evolved from free-living bacteria that developed into a symbiotic human relationship with a prokaryotic prison cell, providing information technology energy in return for a safe place to live. It eventually became an organelle, a specialized structure within the cell, the presence of which are used to distinguish eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells. This occurred over a long process of millions of years, and now the mitochondria within the cell cannot live separately from information technology. The idea that mitochondria evolved this way is called endosymbiotic theory.
Endosymbiotic theory has multiple forms of testify. For example, mitochondria have their own DNA that is separate from the DNA in the prison cell's nucleus. It is called mitochondrial DNA or mtDNA, and it is only passed down through females because sperm do non have mitochondria. Y'all received your mtDNA from your mother, and you can but pass it on if you lot are a female who has a child. It is also circular, similar bacterial DNA. Some other form of evidence is the way new mitochondria are created in the cell. New mitochondria only ascend from binary fission, or splitting, which is the same way that bacteria asexually reproduce. If all of the mitochondria are removed from a cell, information technology can't make new ones because there are no existing mitochondria in that location to split. As well, the genome of mitochondria and Rickettsia bacteria (leaner that tin can cause spotted fever and typhus) have been compared, and the sequence is so similar that it suggests that mitochondria are closely related to Rickettsia.
Chloroplasts, the organelles in plants where photosynthesis occurs, are also thought to have evolved from endosymbiotic bacteria for similar reasons: they have carve up, round Dna, a double membrane structure, and carve up through binary fission.
Quiz
1. Which is a function of mitochondria?
A. Regulating metabolism
B. Producing ATP
C. Storing calcium
D. All of the above
2. Which is NOT a reason why mitochondria are thought to have evolved from free-living bacteria?
A. Mitochondria have their own Deoxyribonucleic acid.
B. Mitochondria reproduce through binary fission.
C. Mitochondrial DNA is inherited matrilineally.
D. The genome is similar to that of bacterial DNA.
3. Where is the mitochondrial matrix located?
A. Inside the inner membrane
B. Betwixt the inner and outer membrane
C. Within the mtDNA
D. In the intermembrane space
Source: https://biologydictionary.net/mitochondria/
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